Barrington's Five Variants of post- independence nationalism

Lowell Barrington in his book After Independence: Making and Protecting in Post-colonial and Post-communist States (2006)  differentiates between pre-independence and post-independence nationalism and identifies five possible variants of post-independence nationalism. He argues that all nations have to decide about their territorial (which areas are part of the nation?) and membership (which groups are part of the nation?) boundaries. The five variants show different nationalisms emphasize different boundaries and their relationship with the state. The first two variants focused on territorial boundaries or national 'homeland' while the other three focus on national identity or membership boundaries. 

1. External Territory Claiming Nationalism: Under this variant, nationalism defines nation as existing outside the boundaries of the state. There is a strong belief that an emotionally important part of the homeland remains outside the borders. 
2. Sovereignty Protecting Nationalism: Nationalism here is under threat from minorities as nation is considered smaller than the territory it is holding. Thus, it is the opposite of the first variant.
3. Civic Nation Building nationalism: If ‘who is the nation’ answered in a such a way that all group inside the new state are included -- a relatively civic way -- an overarching national identity is developed. Nationalism becomes a nation-building project.
4. Ethnic Nation Protecting Nationalism: Majority ethnic group (sometimes dominant minority groups) may still feel under threat after independence. Independence is nor perceived to have brought cultural security and so nationalists may reject civic nation-building and continue struggle as ethnic group. In such a state, minorities are discriminated.
5. Co-National Protecting Nationalism: Ethnic nationalism, while discriminating at home, may extend itself to protecting co-ethnics or co-nationals in other states. Nationalists may mobilize people by claiming that co-nationals are being physical threatened or being economically, socially or politically discriminated and so need their help. 

Where does religious nationalism fit in these variants?

Religious nationalism does not fit in any of these variants. However, it is very close to the last type. It discriminates at home against religious minorities while calling for protection of coreligionists in other countries. Saudi Arabia, Pakistan and Israel are example of this co-national protecting nationalism. Barrington argues that these types are not mutually exclusive and can be combined. So, we can argue that religious nationalism of Pakistan and Israel are examples of combination of first and last type as both lay claims on external territory. The religious nationalism of Iran and Saudi Arabia, however, could be considered examples of sovereignty protecting nationalism and nation protecting nationalism before their interventions in Syria. In short, religious nationalism can fit in all of the types except civic nation building nationalism.